White matter biomarker for predicting de novo Parkinson's disease using tract-based spatial statistics: a machine learning-based model.

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is an irreversible, chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system, potentially associated with cerebral white matter (WM) lesions. Investigating the microstructural alterations within the WM in the early stages of PD can help to identify the disease early and enable intervention to reduce the associated serious threats to health. Methods: This study selected 227 cases from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) database, including 152 de novo PD patients and 75 normal controls (NC). Whole-brain voxel analysis of the WM was performed using the tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) method. The WM regions with statistically significant differences (P<0.05) between the PD and NC groups were identified and used as masks. The mask was applied to each case's fractional anisotropy (FA) image to extract voxel values as feature vectors. Geometric dimensionality reduction was then applied to eliminate redundant values in the feature vectors. Subsequently, the cases were randomly divided into a training group (158 cases, including 103 PD patients and 55 NC) and a test group (69 cases, including 49 PD patients and 20 NC). The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression algorithm was employed to extract the minimal set of relevant features, then the random forest (RF) algorithm was utilized for classification using 5-fold cross validation. The resulting model was further integrated with clinical factors to create a comprehensive prediction model. Results: In comparison to the NC group, the FA values in PD patients exhibited a statistically significant decrease (P<0.05), indicating the presence of widespread WM lesions across multiple brain regions. Moreover, the PD prediction model, constructed based on these WM lesion regions, yielded prediction accuracy (ACC) and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) values of 0.778 and 0.865 in the validation set, and 0.783 and 0.831 in the test set, respectively. Furthermore, the performance of the integrated model showed some improvement, with ACC and AUC values in the test set reaching 0.804 and 0.844, respectively. Conclusions: The quantitative calculation of WM lesion area on FA images using the TBSS method can serve as a neuroimaging biomarker for diagnosing and predicting early PD at the individual level. When integrated with clinical variables, the predictive performance improves.

Cross-talk between BCKDK-mediated phosphorylation and STUB1-dependent ubiquitination degradation of BCAT1 promotes GBM progression.

Branched-chain amino acid transferase 1 (BCAT1) is highly expressed in multiple cancers and is associated with poor prognosis, particularly in glioblastoma (GBM). However, the post-translational modification (PTM) mechanism of BCAT1 is unknown. Here, we investigated the cross-talk mechanisms between phosphorylation and ubiquitination modifications in regulating BCAT1 activity and stability. We found that BCAT1 is phosphorylated by branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) at S5, S9, and T312, which increases its catalytic and antioxidant activity and stability. STUB1 (STIP1 homology U-box-containing protein 1), the first we found and reported E3 ubiquitin ligase of BCAT1, can also be phosphorylated by BCKDK at the S19 site, which disrupts the interaction with BCAT1 and inhibits its degradation. In addition, we demonstrate through in vivo and in vitro experiments that BCAT1 phosphorylation inhibiting its ubiquitination at multiple sites is associated with GBM proliferation and that inhibition of the BCKDK-BCAT1 axis enhances the sensitivity to temozolomide (TMZ). Overall, we identified novel mechanisms for the regulation of BCAT1 modification and elucidated the importance of the BCKDK-STUB1-BCAT1 axis in GBM progression.

Bilateral Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Clear Lens Extraction with Trifocal Intraocular Lens Implantation for Presbyopia Correction: A Short-Term Observational Study in Chinese Adults.

Purpose: To observe the outcome of bilateral femtosecond laser-assisted clear lens extraction with trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation for presbyopia correction and evaluate its feasibility in early presbyopic adults. Methods: Prospective case series of eyes with clear crystalline lenses that underwent femtosecond laser-assisted lens extraction and trifocal IOL (Acrysof IQ PanOptix, Model TFNT00, Alcon) implantation between 2021 and 2023 were followed up for at least 3 months after surgery. Outcome measures included monocular uncorrected visual acuity at near (UNVA, 40 cm), intermediate (UIVA, 60 cm), and distance (UDVA, 5 m), monocular manifest refraction, corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), defocus curve assessment, and spectacle independence at both near and distance. Results: A total of 60 eyes from 30 consecutive patients were included, and their mean age was 50.4±6.5 years. After surgery, the mean UNVA (LogMAR) increased from 0.28±0.16 to 0.08±0.07, UIVA increased from 0.25±0.12 to 0.09±0.06, and UDVA increased from 0.27±0.21 to 0.01±0.08. The enhancements of UNVA, UIVA and UDVA were all significant (P < 0.05). The optometric results showed that the mean postoperative spherical equivalent (SE) was -0.21±0.24 D, and the mean postoperative CDVA (LogMAR) was -0.00±0.06. The preoperative spectacle independences at near and distance were 46.7% (14/30) and 56.7% (17/30), respectively, and both increased to 100% at 3 months after surgery. Conclusion: Satisfactory visual outcomes and safe surgical procedures were observed in this study, which demonstrate that bilateral femtosecond laser-assisted clear lens extraction with PanOptix IOL implantation could be a feasible approach for presbyopia correction in working-age Chinese patients.

Internal limiting membrane peeling in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: A meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To determine whether pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) could get better functional and anatomical outcomes. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed to find relevant studies. A meta-analysis was conducted by comparing the weighted mean differences (WMD) in the mean change of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) from baseline and calculating the odd ratios (OR) for rates of epiretinal membrane (ERM) formation and recurrence of retinal detachment (RD). RESULTS: Fourteen studies were selected, including 2259 eyes (825 eyes in the ILM peeling group and 1434 eyes in the non-ILM peeling group). There was no significant difference in terms of mean change in BCVA from baseline and the rate of RD recurrence (WMD = 0.02, 95% CI, -0.20 to 0.24, P = 0.86, and OR = 0.55, 95% CI, 0.24 to 1.26, P = 0.16), but ILM peeling was associated with a significantly lower frequency of postoperative ERM formation (OR = 0.13, 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.26, P<0.00001). Similar results were obtained in a sub-analysis based on macula-off RRD. CONCLUSION: ILM peeling results in similar BCVA, with same rate of RD recurrence, but lower rate of postoperative ERM development. ILM peeling could be considered in selected cases with risk factors that are likely to develop an ERM.

Comprehensive Study on Mineral Processing Methods and Mineral Technical Economics of Manganese Ore in Chongqing Chengkou.

Chongqing Chengkou manganese deposit is a large carbonate-type manganese deposit in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, located in Gaoyan Town, Chengkou County, Chongqing. In order to improve the recovery rate of low-grade manganese ore and concentrate grade index, achieve efficient utilization of mineral resources, and sustainable development of Gaoyan manganese ore deposit in Chengkou, Chongqing, China, in this paper, by means of optical microscope analysis, high-resolution X-ray tomography technology, three-dimensional image analysis technology, X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectrum analysis, and technical and economic analysis, the occurrence state and process mineralogy of manganese are studied, and the technical and economic analysis of flotation, high-intensity magnetic separation, and gravity separation are carried out. It provides a reference for other mining enterprises to choose the most suitable beneficiation method according to the specific mineral species.

Eddy Current Identification Methods and Applications in the Chemical Industry: A Mini-Review.

As one of the most common fluid patterns in the fluid flow process of chemical production, a vortex has been successfully demonstrated to be a structure that promotes interphase mixing and enhances heat and mass transfer. Therefore, it is essential to reveal the vortex evolution laws in order to realize more efficient and less energy-consuming chemical production. In this Mini-Review, the vortex identification criteria are introduced in detail and categorized according to their development history. The application of vortex identification technology and its application in the chemical industry are explored with a large number of examples. This review enhances our understanding of vortex structures and provides plenty of innovative ideas for the study of chemical industry production.

Fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of secondary malignant tumors of the thyroid gland: A single-institution experience of 17 cases.

BACKGROUND: Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is the most commonly used preoperative pathological diagnostic tool for thyroid tumors. Secondary malignant tumors of the thyroid gland account for less than 3% of all thyroid malignancies. The aim of this study was to investigate the types and cytopathological features of secondary thyroid tumors, evaluate diagnostic pitfalls in FNA. METHODS: Cases of secondary thyroid tumors diagnosed in the Department of Pathology of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital were collected, and their clinical data, cytologic features, immunohistochemical results, and histopathological diagnoses were summarized. RESULTS: The study included 17 cases (8 males and 9 females) with a mean age of 60.4 ± 9.4 years (range, 45-83 years). Six cases had a known history of primary malignancy prior to FNA aspiration diagnosis. The most common organs of origin were the lungs (5 cases, 3 adenocarcinoma, and 2 small-cell carcinoma) and esophagus (5 cases, 3 squamous-cell carcinoma, 1 adenocarcinoma, and 1 small-cell carcinoma). The next most common was squamous-cell carcinoma of the larynx (3 cases), and gastric tumor (2 cases), including 1 lymphoma and 1 adenocarcinoma. Cell blocks and immunohistochemistry were performed in 12 of these cases. Comparison of the impact of positive history and IHC availability on the accuracy of pathologic diagnosis showed that both were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: FNA is an effective means of diagnosing secondary malignancies of the thyroid, in which knowledge of the patient's history of malignancy is essential, and the use of cell blocks and immunohistochemistry helps to clarify the pathological diagnosis.

Effects of neuropeptide Y on the immune-protection and intestinal tract of juvenile Micropterus salmoides.

Neuropeptide Y is known to be directly or indirectly involved in immune regulation. The immune effects of NPY include immune cell transport, helper T cell differentiation, cytokine secretion, staining and killer cell activity, phagocytosis and production of reactive oxygen species. In this study, we investigated the immunoprotective effect of synthetic NPY on largemouth bass larvae. For the first time, the dose and time effects of NPY injection on largemouth bass was explored, and then Poly I:C and LPS infection was carried out in juvenile largemouth bass, respectively, after the injection of NPY. The results showed that NPY could reduce the inflammatory response by inhibiting the expression of il-1ß, tgf-ß, ifn-γ and other immune factors in head kidney, spleen and brain, and alleviate the immune stress caused by strong inflammatory response in the early stage of infection. Meanwhile, NPY injection ameliorated the intestinal tissue damage caused by infection. This study provides a new way to protect juvenile fish and improve its innate immunity.

Reference gene selection for quantitative real-time PCR analysis of Hymenopellis radicata under abiotic stress.

Hymenopellis radicata (H. radicata) is an edible fungus rich in protein and mineral elements, with high edible and medical value. And reference genes suitable for normalization of qRT-PCR data from this species have not been investigated. In this study, therefore, we selected 11 housekeeping genes common in biology. The expression levels of these housekeeping genes were measured in three different tissues and six different abiotic stress treatments in mycelium. They were evaluated for expression stability using online tools. The results showed that gene ACT could be stable expressed in all samples. The expressions of genes TUB and UBQ10 are the most stable under heat stress, ACT and EF are the most stable genes under salt stress, ACT and TUB are the most stable genes under oxidation stress, RPL6 and EF are the most stable genes under pH condition, ACT and RPB2 are the most stable genes under cadmium stress, and RPB2 and UBC are the most stable genes under drought condition. ACT and PP2A are the most stable genes at different tissue sites. This study is of great help to explore the gene expression pattern of H. radicata, and also provides reference for internal reference gene screening under other conditions.

Selection and validation of reference genes for normalization of gene expression in Floccularia luteovirens.

Floccularia luteovirens is one of the rare edible fungi with high nutritional value found on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, research at the molecular level on this species is currently constrained due to the lack of reliable reference genes for this species. Thirteen potential reference genes (ACT, GAPDH, EF-Tu, SAMDC, UBI, CLN1, ß-TUB, γ-TUB, GTP, H3, UBC, UBC-E2, and GTPBP1) were chosen for the present study, and their expression under various abiotic conditions was investigated. Stability of gene expression was tested using GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, Delta-Ct, and RefFinder. The results showed that the most suitable reference genes for salt treatment were ACT and EF-Tu. Under drought stress, γ-TUB and UBC-E2 would be suitable for normalization. Under oxidative stress, the reference genes H3 and GAPDH worked well. Under heat stress, the reference genes EF-Tu and γ-TUB were suggested. Under extreme pH stress, UBC-E2 and H3 were appropriate reference genes. Under cadmium stress, the reference genes ACT and UBC-E2 functioned well. In different tissues, H3 and GTPBP1 were appropriate reference genes. The optimal internal reference genes when analyzing all samples were H3 and SAMDC. The expression level of HSP90 was studied to further validate the applicability of the genes identified in this study.

The P53-P21-RB1 pathway promotes BRD4 degradation in liver cancer through USP1.

Liver cancer is notoriously refractory to conventional therapeutics. Tumor progression is governed by the interplay between tumor-promoting genes and tumor-suppressor genes. BRD4, an acetyl lysine-binding protein, is overexpressed in many cancer types, which promotes activation of a pro-tumor gene network. But the underlying mechanism for BRD4 overexpression remains incompletely understood. In addition, understanding the regulatory mechanism of BRD4 protein level will shed insight into BRD4-targeting therapeutics. In this study, we investigated the potential relation between BRD4 protein level and P53, the most frequently dysregulated tumor suppressor. By analyzing the TCGA datasets, we first identify a strong negative correlation between protein levels of P53 and BRD4 in liver cancer. Further investigation shows that P53 promotes BRD4 protein degradation. Mechanistically, P53 indirectly represses the transcription of USP1, a deubiquitinase, through the P21-RB1 axis. USP1 itself is also overexpressed in liver cancer and we show USP1 deubiquitinates BRD4 in vivo and in vitro, which increases BRD4 stability. With cell proliferation assays and xenograft model, we show the pro-tumor role of USP1 is partially mediated by BRD4. With functional transcriptomic analysis, we find the USP1-BRD4 axis upholds expression of a group of cancer-related genes. In summary, we identify a functional P53-P21-RB1-USP1-BRD4 axis in liver cancer.

Population genetic structure of Hymenopellis radicata germplasm resources based on genome re-sequencing.

Through whole-genome re-sequencing of 18 Hymenopellis radicata germplasm resources collected from diverse regions in China, we identified significant variations in the form of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and Insertions and Deletions (InDels). These variations were comprehensively annotated, shedding light on the mutation types present in the entire genome of the H. radicata germplasm. This analysis revealed the number and position information of each mutation and provided insights into the overall genomic landscape of H. radicata germplasm. Utilizing SNP data, we delved into the population structure of the 18 H. radicata germplasm resources. The results indicated the presence of 2,335,179 Indel sites and 12,050,448 SNP sites. The population structure analysis unveiled two distinct subgroups among the H. radicata germplasm resources. Phenotypic statistics, principal component analysis, and phylogenetic tree results echoed the findings of the population structure analysis. Different strains of H. radicata from various regions in China exhibited notable differences in genetic diversity, mycelial growth rate, yield, and fruiting body characteristics. Significant disparities were observed between the two subgroups, while strains within each subgroup shared common characteristics. This research establishes a solid foundation for integrating H. radicata into diverse breeding programs. The data underscore the potential of H. radicata for genetic improvement and exploitation in breeding initiatives, paving the way for future advancements in this field.

Synaptic-like transmission between neural axons and arteriolar smooth muscle cells drives cerebral neurovascular coupling.

Neurovascular coupling (NVC) is important for brain function and its dysfunction underlies many neuropathologies. Although cell-type specificity has been implicated in NVC, how active neural information is conveyed to the targeted arterioles in the brain remains poorly understood. Here, using two-photon focal optogenetics in the mouse cerebral cortex, we demonstrate that single glutamatergic axons dilate their innervating arterioles via synaptic-like transmission between neural-arteriolar smooth muscle cell junctions (NsMJs). The presynaptic parental-daughter bouton makes dual innervations on postsynaptic dendrites and on arteriolar smooth muscle cells (aSMCs), which express many types of neuromediator receptors, including a low level of glutamate NMDA receptor subunit 1 (Grin1). Disruption of NsMJ transmission by aSMC-specific knockout of GluN1 diminished optogenetic and whisker stimulation-caused functional hyperemia. Notably, the absence of GluN1 subunit in aSMCs reduced brain atrophy following cerebral ischemia by preventing Ca2+ overload in aSMCs during arteriolar constriction caused by the ischemia-induced spreading depolarization. Our findings reveal that NsMJ transmission drives NVC and open up a new avenue for studying stroke.

Chronic low salinity stress rescued masculinization effect in farmed Cynoglossus semilaevis population.

Salinity, being an indispensable abiotic factor crucial for the survival of marine organisms, has demonstrated diverse alterations globally in response to the current trend of global warming. In this study, the effect of chronic low salinity stress on teleosts' sex differentiation was investigated using Cynoglossus semilaevis, an economically important fish with both genetic and environmental sex determination system. The cultivation experiment was conducted employing artificially simulated seawater of 20 ppt and ambient sea water of 30 ppt to rear juveniles C. semilaevis. Throughout the experiment, the growth performance was assessed and the histology of gonadal development was examined, a significantly lower masculinization rate was observed in LS group. To gain further insights, transcriptome analysis was conducted using raw reads obtained from 53 libraries derived from gonads of 55 days post fertilization (dpf) and 100 dpf juveniles in both LS and CT groups. GO/KEGG enrichment were further proceeded, Terms and pathways involved in reproduction ability, germ cell proliferation, immune function, steroid metabolism etc., were illuminated and a possible crosstalk between HPI and HPG axis was proposed. WGCNA was conducted and two hub genes, hspb8-like and Histone H2A.V were exhibited to be of great significance in the changes of masculinization rate. Our findings provided solid reference for sex differentiation study of GSD + ESD species in a constantly changing ocean environment, as well as practice guiding significance for the environmental management for the culture of C. semilaevis.

Prechiasmatic Transection of the Unilateral Dodge Class â Optic Pathway Glioma without Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Technical Description and Clinical Prognosis.

OBJECTIVE: For unilateral Dodge Class Ⅰ optic pathway glioma (OPG-uDCⅠ) without neurofibromatosis type 1, unilateral isolated optic nerve gliomas before the optic chiasm have been confirmed to possibly cause visual deterioration and poor prognosis. For this type of highly selective localized tumor, we explored surgery as the only treatment method. This article retrospectively analyzed and summarized the clinical data of this case series, with the aim of exploring the main technical details and clinical prognosis. METHODS: Included were patients with OPG-uDCⅠ without neurofibromatosis type 1 and experiencing vision loss on the affected side. The fronto-orbital approach was used, which was mainly divided into 3 parts: intraorbital, optic canal, and intracranial. All patients underwent prechiasmatic resection without any adjuvant treatments. The follow-up period was 3 months after surgery, and magnetic resonance imaging and contralateral visual acuity were reviewed annually after surgery. RESULTS: All OPG-uDCⅠ cases were completely removed without any adjuvant treatments, and there was no recurrence during the follow-up period. Pathological results showed that, except for 1 adult patient with pilomyxoid astrocytoma (World Health Organization grade Ⅱ), the others all had pilocytic astrocytoma (World Health Organization grade Ⅰ). Five patients experienced transient ptosis, and all recovered 3 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: For OPG-uDCⅠ without neurofibromatosis type 1, radical prechiasmatic resection of the tumor is possible, without the need for postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Expression pattern and cellular localization of pepsinogen in early development and induced by different diets in the spotted knifejaw (Oplegnathus punctatus).

To solve the high mortality rate of early-stage larval feed conversion during aquaculture in Oplegnathus punctatus, the investigation of the structural and functional characteristics of the gastric tissue was conducted. Histological results showed that the gastric gland rudiment appeared at 17 dph. The basic structure of the stomach was fully developed between 26 and 35 dph. Two pepsinogen genes, named OpPGA1 and OpPGA2, were identified in the spotted knifejaw genome. qPCR results of developmental period showed that the two genes were low in expression during early development (5 and 15 dph). At 20 dph, the two genes started to show trace expression, and at 30 dph the mRNA expression levels of OpPGA1 and OpPGA2 reached the highest levels. Results of pepsin activity detection during the development period showed lower activity was detected 22 dph, followed by a peak at 30 dph. Under different feeding inductions, OpPGA1 showed the highest expression in the basic diet group and hard-shell group, while the expression level in the phytophagous group remained consistently low. The mRNA expression level of OpPGA2 in the phytophagous group was significantly higher than in other groups. Enzyme activity determination under different feeding inductions showed slightly higher enzyme activity in the basic diet group and crustacean group. The results of in situ hybridization showed that the mRNA of both OpPGA1 and OpPGA2 genes was both expressed in gastric gland cells. These information can contribute to the development of practical feeding methods in terms of digestive physiology for the development of larvae.

Response of Neuropeptides to Hunger Signals in Teleost.

INTRODUCTION: The perception of hunger is a complex physiological process that requires precise coordination between the central and peripheral tissues. METHODS: In this study, tilapia fasted for 24 h was chosen to establish a hunger model to study the mechanism of homeostasis recovery under the joint regulation of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. RESULTS: The gastric and intestinal contents of tilapia were predominantly depleted after a fasting period of 9 h and 24 h, respectively. The serum glucose level significantly decreased at the 9-h and 24-h fasting, respectively, and the glucokinase-dependent glucosensing mechanism in the liver was identified as well as the significant activation of phospho-AMPK. However, fasting for 24 h did not activate glucosensing mechanisms and AMPK signaling pathways in the hypothalamus. On the other hand, significant reductions were observed in the mRNA levels of the lipid synthesis-related genes fas and accα, and the serum triglyceride levels as well. The mRNA levels of npy, agrp, pomc, and cart in the hypothalamus fluctuated during the fasting period without significant differences. With in situ hybridization npy signals upregulated in the ventral zone of posterior periventricular nucleus after 24-h fasting, pomc signals enhanced in the lateral tuberal nucleus. Based on the serum metabolomic analysis, the levels of branched-chain amino acids, butyrate, and short-chain acylcarnitine decreased, while those of medium- and long-chain acylcarnitine increased. CONCLUSION: Fasting for 24 h resulted in changes in npy and pomc signals within the hypothalamus and triggered the glucosensing mechanism in the liver of tilapia. This study is beneficial for elucidating the response of neuropeptides in the CNS to the changes of nutritional factors when hungry.

Analysis of immunophenotypic features in hyaline vascular type Castleman disease.

BACKGROUND: Studies suggested that the immunophenotype of hyaline vascular type Castleman disease (HVCD) lacked characteristics, which was easy to be confused with other diseases. METHODS: From January 2010 to June 2022, 17 cases of HVCD were selected from the Department of Pathology of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital and the Department of Pathology of Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital. 13 cases of reactive hyperplastic lymph nodes (RHL) and 11 cases of follicular lymphoma (FL) were selected as the control group. All cases were performed CD3, CD20, CD21 and BCL2 immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: (i) In 17 cases of HVCD, the negative area of BCL2 of germinal center was significantly smaller than the negative area of CD3 of germinal center. However, in 13 cases of RHL, the negative area of CD3 of germinal center was basically consistent with the negative area of germinal center of BCL2 of germinal center. In 11 cases of FL, in neoplastic follicles, the negative area of CD3 was basically consistent with the positive area of BCL2. The difference between HVCD group and other two groups of diseases was statistically significant (P < 0.05). (ii) In 17 cases of HVCD, the negative area of BCL2 of germinal center was significantly smaller than the follicular dendritic cell (FDC) meshworks expressed by CD21. However, in 13 cases of RHL, the FDC meshworks expressed by CD21 were basically consistent with the negative area of BCL2 of germinal center. In 11 cases of FL, in neoplastic follicles, the FDC meshworks expressed by CD21 was basically consistent with the positive area of BCL2. The difference between HVCD group and other two groups of disease was statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HVCD has unique immunophenotypic characteristics. The negative area of BCL2 of germinal center is significantly smaller than the negative area of CD3. The negative area of the BCL2 of germinal center is significantly smaller than the FDC meshworks expressed by CD21. These two immunophenotypic features in HVCD are very important in diagnosis and differential diagnosis.

Electrical impedance tomography: a review on hardware systems and circuits.

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a widely used functional imaging technology in the field of biomedical engineering with the characteristics of non-radiation, high temporal resolution, real-time, miniaturization, and low cost, but with relatively poor spatial resolution, which makes it become an effective complementary imaging alternative in conjunction with structural imaging technologies such as MRI and CT for bedside monitoring. The hardware systems and circuits (HSC) are the physical basis for EIT, and have major impacts on imaging speed, accuracy, cost and other key performance specifications. This review attempts to provide researchers with a relatively comprehensive picture of HSC for different EIT systems, which is organized as follows. Firstly, the general EIT hardware systems are classified as serial, fully parallel and semi-parallel types, respectively, according to their hardware architecture. Secondly, the main analogy front-end circuits of EIT hardware systems are summarized, in which the current drive circuits are divided into open loop, linear closed-loop and nonlinear closed-loop based on different feedback types. Thirdly, the common error sources and evaluation indicators on EIT measurements are summarized. Finally, the future development trends and research challenges of EIT are discussed. This review is expected to promote the development of EIT technology, especially on the design of HSC.

Different approaches for treating myopic choroidal neovascularization: a network Meta-analysis.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and laser treatment (LT) for anatomical and functional improvement in myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV) patients. METHODS: Two researchers independently searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and other databases to screen studies comparing best-corrected vision acuity (BCVA) and foveal center thickness (FCT) changes after mCNV treatment. Post-treatment chorioretinal atrophy (CRA) is a secondary outcome indicator. The retrieval time limit is from the database construction to January 30, 2023. RESULTS: A total of 1072 eyes in 16 articles were included. In the RCTs, intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) and intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) were superior to PDT (MD=0.18, 95%CI: 0.02, 0.40, MD=0.18, 95%CI: 0.01, 0.42) in improving BCVA of mCNV patients (P<0.05). The relative effectiveness in improving BCVA, from high to low, appeared to be IVR, intravitreal aflibercept (IVA), IVB, LT, PDT, and sham first followed by IVA (Sham/IVA). While improving the FCT from high to low was IVA, IVR, IVB, PDT. In retrospective studies, the results of BCVA after long-term treatment showed that all the therapeutic effects from high to low was IVA, intravitreal conbercept (IVC), IVR, IVB, IVB/IVR, PDT with IVB/IVR, PDT. The effect of improving FCT was IVA, IVR, IVC, PDT, and IVB from high to low. And in the effects of improving CRA, the IVB appeared to be higher than IVR, while the PDT was the smallest, but none of the differences in the results were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Anti-VEGF has the best effect on long-term vision improvement in mCNV patients, using IVB or IVR alone to treat mCNV may be better than IVB or IVR combined with PDT. There is no significant difference in the improvement of visual acuity, macular edema, and CRA in mCNV patients treated with any different anti-VEGF drugs.